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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 






JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 




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C^CJ^ c<^ 




JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD 



BY 



GEORGE F. HOAR 




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BOSTON *^ 
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 
New York : 1 1 East Seventeenth Street 

1882 






CopjTight, 1882, 
By HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. 

A// rights reserved. 



TJie Riverside Press, Cambridge : 
Stereotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Co. 



To 

HER WHOSE LOVE, COURAGE, AND CONSTANCY 

WILL FOREVER BE ASSOCIATED 

IN THE AFFECTION AND PRIDE OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE 
WITH 

THE SUBJECT OF THIS EULOGY, 

IT IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 
BY 

THE AUTHOR. 



PUBLISHERS' NOTE. 



On the thirtieth of December, 1881, at the 
request of the City Government of Worcester, 
Mass., Hon. George F. Hoar delivered a eu- 
logy on President Garfield, which the Pub- 
lishers thought should be preserved in perma- 
nent form. They therefore asked and secured 
Senator Hoar's consent to its publication ; and 
they feel confident that it will be treasured in 
many public and private libraries as one of the 
noblest of the many noble tributes to President 
Garfield, and one of the fittest memorials of 
his remarkable career and character. 

Boston, January, 1882. 



EULOGY. 



Mr. Mayor, Gentlemen of the City Council, and 
Fellow-Citizens : — 
I SHOULD indulge myself in a strange de- 
lusion if I hoped to say anything of Pres- 
ident Garfield which is not already well 
known to his countrymen, or to add further 
honor to a name to which the judgment of 
the world, with marvelous unanimity, has 
already assigned its place. The public sor- 
row and love have found utterance, if not 
adequate, yet such as speech, and silence, 
and funeral rite, and stately procession, 
and prayers, and tears, could give. On the 
twenty-sixth day of September, the day of 
the funeral, a common feehng stirred man- 
kind as never before in history. That 
mysterious law, by which, in a great audi- 



10 The Life and Character of 

ence, every emotion is multiplied in each 
heart by sympathy with every other, laid 
its spell on universal humanity. At the 
touch v^hich makes the whole world kin, 
all barriers of rank, or party, or state, or 
nation, disappeared. His own Ohio, the 
State of his birth and of his burial. New 
England, from whose loins came the sturdy 
race from which he descended, whose col- 
lege gave him his education, can claim no 
preeminence in sorrow. 

From farthest south comes the voice of 
mourning for the soldier of the Union. 
Over fisherman's hut and frontiersman's 
cabin is spread a gloom because the White 
House is desolate. The son of the poor 
widow is dead, and palace and castle are 
in tears. As the humble Campbellite dis- 
ciple is borne to his long home, the music 
of the requiem fills cathedral arches and 
the domes of ancient synagogues. On the 
cofhn of the canal boy a queen lays her 
wreath. As the bier is lifted, word comes 



y antes Abram Garfield. ii 

beneath the sea that the nations of the 
earth are rising and bowing their heads. 
From many chmes, in many languages, 
they join in the solemn service. This is 
no blind and sudden emotion, gathering 
and breaking like a wave. It is the mourn- 
ing of mankind for a great character, al- 
ready perfectly known and familiar. If 
there be any persons who fear that re- 
ligious faith is dying, that science has 
shaken the hold of the moral law upon the 
minds of men, let them take comfort in 
asking themselves if any base or ignoble 
passion could have so moved mankind. 
Modern science has called into life these 
mighty servants, Press and Telegraph, who 
have created a nerve which joins together 
all human hearts and pulses simultaneous- 
ly over the globe. To what conqueror, to 
what tyrant, to what selfish ambition, to 
what mere intellectual greatness would it 
not have refused response } The power in 
the universe that makes for evil, and the 



12 The Life and Character of 

power in the universe that makes for 
righteousness, measure their forces. A 
poor, weak fiend shoots off his little bolt, 
a single human life is stricken down, and 
a throb of divine love thrills a planet. 

Every American State has its own story 
of the brave and adventurous, spirits who 
were its early settlers ; the men who build 
commonwealths, the men of whom com- 
monwealths are builded. The history of 
the settlement of Massachusetts, of Cen- 
tral New York, and of Ohio, is the history 
of the Garfield race. They were, to bor- 
row a felicitous phrase, " hungry for the 
horizon." 1 They were natural frontiers- 
men. Of the seven generations born in 
America, including the President, not one 
was born in other than a frontiersman's 
dwelling. Two of them, father and son, 
came over with Winthrop in 1630. Each 
of the six generations who dwelt in Massa- 
chusetts has left an honorable record, still 

1 Senator Ingalls. 



jFames Abram Garfield. 13 

preserved. Five in succession bore an 
honorable military title. Some were fight- 
ers in the Indian wars. " It is not in In- 
dian wars," Fisher Ames well says, " that 
heroes are celebrated, but it is there they 
are formed." At the breaking out of the 
Revolution the male representatives of the 
family were two young brothers. One, 
whose name descended to the President, 
was in arms at Concord Bridge, at sunrise, 
on the 19th of April. The other, the Pres- 
ident's great-grandfather, dwelling thirty 
miles off, was on his way to the scene of 
action before noon. When the Constitu- 
tion, rejected by Massachusetts in 1778, 
was proposed, the same ancestor, with his 
fellow-citizens of the little town of West- 
minster, voted unanimously for the rejec- 
tion, and put on record their reasons. " It 
is our opinion that no constitution what- 
ever ought to be established till previously 
thereto a bill of rights be set forth, and 
the constitution be framed therefrom, so 



14 The Life and Character of 

that the lowest capacity may be able to 
determine his natural rights, and judge 
of the equitableness of the Constitution 
thereby." 

" And as to the Constitution itself, the 
following appears to us exceptionable, viz., 
the fifth article " (excepting negroes, mu- 
lattoes and Indians from the right to vote), 
" which deprives a portion of the human 
race of their natural rights on account of 
their color, which, in our opinion, no power 
on earth has a just right to do. It there- 
fore ought to be expunged the constitu- 
tion." 

No religious intolerance descended in 
the Garfield race. But the creed of this 
Westminster catechism they seem never 
to have forgotten. 

When the war was over, the same ances- 
tor took his young family and penetrated 
the forest again. He established his home 
in Otsego County, in Central New York, 
at the period and amid the scenes made 



yames Abram Garfield. 15 

familiar by Cooper, in his delightful tale, 
"The Pioneers." Again the generations 
move westward, in the march of civiliza- 
tion keeping ever in the van, until in 1831 
James Garfield was born, in an humble 
Ohio cabin, where he was left fatherless 
in his infancy. In a new settlement the 
wealth of the family is in the right arm of 
the father. To say that the father, who 
had himself been left an orphan when he 
was an infant, left his son fatherless in 
infancy, is to say that the family was re- 
duced to extremest poverty. 

I have not given this narrative as the 
story of a mean or ignoble lineage. Such 
men, whether of Puritan, or Huguenot, or 
Cavalier stock, have ever been the strength 
and the security of American States. From 
such homes came Webster, and Clay, and 
Lincoln, and Jackson. It is no race of 
boors that has struck its axes into the for- 
ests of this continent. These men knew 
how to build themselves log-houses in the 



1 6 The Life and Character of 

wilderness. They were more skillful still 
to build constitutions and statutes. Slow, 
cautious, conservative, sluggish, unready, 
in ordinary life, their brains move quick 
and sure as their rifles' flash when great 
controversies that determine the fate of 
States are to be decided, when great in- 
terests that brook no delay are at stake, 
and great battles that admit no indecision 
are to be fought. The trained and disci- 
plined soldiers of England could not antici- 
pate these alert farmers. On the morning 
of the Revolution they were up before the 
sun. When Washington was to be de- 
fended, in 1861, the scholar, or the lawyer, 
or the man of the city, dropped his book, 
left his court-house or his counting-room, 
and found his company of yeomen waiting 
for him. They are ever greatest in adver- 
sity. I would not undervalue the material 
of which other republics have been built. 
The polished marbles of Greece and Italy 
have their own grace. But art or nature 



James Abram Garfield. 17 

contain no more exquisite beauty than the 
color which this split and unhewn gran- 
ite takes from the tempest it withstands. 
There was never a race of men on earth 
more capable of seeing clearly, of grasp- 
ing, and of holding fast, the great truths 
and great principles which are permanent, 
sure, and safe for the government of the 
conduct of life, alike in private and pub- 
lic concerns. If there be, or ever shall 
be, in this country, a demos^ fickle, light- 
minded, easily moved, blind, prejudiced, 
incapable of permanent adherence to what 
is great or what is true, whether it come 
from the effeminacy of wealth, or the skep- 
ticism of a sickly and selfish culture, or 
the poverty and ignorance of great cities, 
it will find itself powerless in this iron 
grasp. 

Blending with the Saxon stock, young 
Garfield inherited on the mother's side the 
qualities of the Huguenots, those gentler 
but not less brave or less constant Puritans, 



1 8 The Life and Character of 

who, for conscience sake, left their beloved 
and beautiful France, whose memory will 
be kept green so long as Maine cherishes 
Bowdoin College, or Massachusetts Faneuil 
Hall, or New York the antique virtue of 
John Jay, or South Carolina her revolu- 
tionary history — who gave a lustre and 
a beauty to every place and thing they 
touched. 

The child of such a race, left fatherless 
in the wilderness, yet destined to such a 
glory, was committed by Providence to 
three great teachers, without either of 
whom he would not have become fitted for 
his distinguished career. These teachers 
were a wise Christian mother, poverty, and 
the venerable college president, who lived 
to watch his pupil through the whole of 
his varied life, to witness his inauguration 
amid such high hopes, and to lament his 
death. 

To no nobler matron did ever Roman 
hero trace his origin. Few of the tradi- 



I 



y antes Abram Garfield. 19 

tions of his Puritan ancestry could have 
come down to the young orphan. It is 
said there were two things with which his 
mother was specially familiar, — the Bible, 
and the rude ballads of the War of 18 12. 
The child learned the Bible at his mother's 
knee, and the love of country from his 
cradle-hymns. 

I cannot, within the limits assigned to 
me, recount every circumstance of special 
preparation which fitted the young giant 
for the great and various parts he was to 
play in the drama of our republican life. 
It would be but to repeat a story whose 
pathos and romance are all known by heart 
to his countrymen : the childhood in the 
cabin ; the struggle with want, almost with 
famine ; the brother proudly bringing his 
first dollar to buy shoes for the little bare 
feet ; the labor in the forest ; the growth 
of the strong frame and the massive brain ; 
the reading of the first novel ; the boy's 
longing for the sea ; the canal boat ; the 



20 The Life and Character of 

carpenter's shop ; the first school ; the ea- 
ger thirst for knowledge ; the learning that 
an obstacle means only a thing to be over- 
come ; the founding of the college at Hi- 
ram ; the companionship in study of the 
gifted lady whose eulogy he pronounced : 
the Campbellite preaching ; the ever wise 
guidance of the mother; the marriage to 
the bright and beautiful schoolmate ; — we 
know them better even than we know the 
youth of Washington and of Webster. 

General Garfield said in 1878 that he had 
not long ago conversed with an English 
gentleman, who told him that in twenty- 
five years of careful study of the agricult- 
ural class in England, he had never known 
one who was born and reared in the ranks 
of farm laborers that rose above his class 
and became a well-to-do citizen. The story 
of a childhood passed in poverty, of intel- 
lect and moral nature trained in strenuous 
contests with adversity, is not unfamiliar 
to those who have read the lives of the 



James Abram Garfield. 21 

men who have been successful in this coun- 
try in any of the walks of life. It is one 
of the most beneficent results of American 
institutions that we have ceased to speak 
of poverty and hardship, and the necessity 
for hard and humble toil, as disadvantages 
to a spirit endowed by nature with the ca- 
pacity for generous ambitions. In a soci- 
ety where labor is honorable, and where 
every place in social or public life is open 
to merit, early poverty is no more a disad- 
vantage than a gymnasium to an athlete, 
or drill and discipline to a soldier. 

General Garfield was never ashamed of 
his origin. He 

" did not change, but kept in lofty place 

The wisdom which adversity had bred." 

The humblest friend of his boyhood was 
ever welcome to him when he sat in the 
highest seats, where Honor was sitting by 
his side. The poorest laborer was ever 
sure of the sympathy of one who had 
known all the bitterness of want and the 



22 The Life ajid Character of 

sweetness of bread earned by the sweat of 
the brow. He was ever the simple, plain, 
modest gentleman. When he met a com- 
mon soldier it was not the general or the 
military hero that met him, but the com- 
rade. When he met a scholar it was not 
the learned man, or the college president, 
but the learner. 

It was fitting that he who found open 
the road through every gradation of public 
honor, from the log-cabin to the Presidency, 
simply at the price of deserving it, should 
have answered in the same speech the soph 
istries of communism and the sinister fore- 
bodings of Lord Macaulay. " Here," he 
said, "society is not fixed in horizontal lay- 
ers, like the crust of the earth, but, as a 
great New England man said, years ago, it 
is rather like the ocean, broad, deep, grand, 
open, and so free in all its parts that every 
drop that mingles with the yellow sand at 
the bottom may rise through all the waters, 
till it gleams in the sunshine on the crest 



yames Abram Garfield. 23 

of the highest wave. So it is here in our 
free society, permeated with the light of 
American freedom. There is no Ameri- 
can boy, however poor, however humble, 
orphan though he may be, that, if he have 
a clear head, a true heart, a strong arm, he 
may not rise through all the grades of soci- 
ety, and become the crown, the glory, the 
pillar of the State. Here there is no need 
for the old world war between capital and 
labor. Here is no need of the explosion 
of social order predicted by Macaulay." 

When seeking a place of education in 
the East, young Garfield wrote to several 
New England colleges. The youth's heart 
was touched and his choice decided by 
the tone of welcome in the reply of Dr. 
Hopkins, the president of Williams. It 
was fortunate that his vigorous youth 
found itself under the influence of a very 
great but very simple and sincere charac- 
ter. The secret of Dr. Hopkins' power 
over his pupils \d.y, firsts in his own exam- 



24 The Life aiid Character of 

pie, profound scholarship, great practical 
wisdom, perfect openness and sincerity, 
strong religious faith, and humility ; second^ 
in a careful study of the disposition of each 
individual youth ; tJiird, justice, absolute, 
yet accompanied by sympathy and respect, 
seldom severity, never scorn, in dealing 
with the errors of boyhood. No harsh and 
inflexible law, cold and pitiless as a win- 
ter's sea, dealt alike with the sluggish and 
the generous nature. No storm of mer- 
ciless ridicule greeted the shy, awkward, 
ungainly backwoodsman. And, beyond 
all. Dr. Hopkins taught his pupils that les- 
son in which some of our colleges so sadly 
fail — reverence for the republican life of 
which they were to form a part, and for 
the great history of whose glory they were 
inheritors. 

It was my fortune, on an evening last 
spring, to see the illustrious pupil, I sup- 
pose for the last time on earth, take leave 
of the aged teacher whose head the frosts 



James Abram Garfield. 25 

of nearly four-score winters had touched 
so lightly, and to hear him say at parting, 
" I have felt your presence at the begin- 
ning of my administration like a benedic- 
tion." 

The President delighted in his college. 
He kept unbroken the friendships he 
formed within her walls. He declared that 
the place and its associations were to him 
a fountain of perpetual youth. He never 
forgot his debt to her. When he was 
stricken down he was on his way, all a 
boy again, to lay his untarnished laurels 
at her feet. 

It would have been hard to find in this 
country a man so well equipped by nature, 
by experience and by training, as was Gar- 
field when he entered the Ohio Senate in 
i860, at the age of twenty-eight. He was 
in his own person the representative of 
the plainest life of the backwoods and the 
best culture of the oldest eastern commu- 
nity. He had been used in his youth to 



26 The Life a7id CJiaracter of 

various forms of manual labor. The years 
which he devoted to his profession of 
teacher and of college president, were 
years of great industry, in which he dis- 
ciplined his powers of public speaking 
and original investigation. Dr. Hopkins 
said of him : "■ There was a large general 
capacity applicable to any subject, and 
sound sense. What he did was done with 
facility, but by honest and avowed work. 
There was no pretense of genius, or alter- 
nation of spasmodic effort and of rest, but 
a satisfactory accomplishment in all direc- 
tions of what was undertaken." His sound 
brain and athletic frame could bear great 
labor without fatigue. He had a thoroughly 
healthy and robust intellect, capable of 
being directed upon any of the pursuits 
of life, or any of the affairs of state in any 
department of the public service. We 
have no other example in our public life 
of such marvelous completeness of intel- 
lectual development. He exhibited enough 



James Abram Garfield. 27 

of his varied mental capacity to make it 
sure that he could have attained greatness 
as a metaphysician, or a mathematician, in 
any of the exact sciences, as a linguist, as 
an executive officer, as he did in fact at- 
tain it as a military commander, as an ora- 
tor, as a debater, and a parliamentary and 
popular leader. 

The gigantic scale on which the opera- 
tions of our late war were conducted has 
dwarfed somewhat the achievements of in- 
dividual actors. If in the history of either 
of the other wars in which our people have 
engaged, whether before or after the Dec- 
laration of Independence, such a chapter 
should be found as the narrative of Gar- 
field's Kentucky campaign, it would alone 
have made the name of its leader immor- 
tal. It is said that General Rosecrans re- 
ceived the young schoolmaster with some 
prejudice. "When he came to my head- 
quarters," he says, " I must confess that I 
had a prejudice against him, as I under- 



28 The Life and Character of 

stood he was a preacher who had gone into 
poUtics, and a man of that cast I was nat- 
urally opposed to." In his official report 
Rosecrans says : — 

*' I especially mention Brigadier-General 
Garfield, ever active, prudent, and saga- 
cious. I feel much indebted to him for 
both counsel and assistance in the admin- 
istration of this army. He possesses the 
energy and the instinct of a great com- 
mander." 

We must leave to soldiers and to mili- 
tary historians to assign their relative his- 
toric importance to the movements of the 
war. But we may safely trust the popular 
judgment which pronounces Garfield's ride 
at Chickamauga one of its most conspicu- 
ous instances of personal heroism, and the 
Kentucky campaign a most brilliant exam- 
ple of fertility of resource, combined au- 
dacity and prudence, sound military judg- 
ment, and success against great odds. We 
may safely trust, too, the judgment of the 



James A brain Garfield. 29 

accomplished historian,^ who pronounces 
his report in favor of the advance that 
ended with the battle of Chickamauga, 
"the ablest military document submitted 
by a chief of staff to his superior during 
the war." We may accept, also, the award 
of Lincoln, who made him major-general 
for his brilliant service at Chickamauga, 
and the confidence of Thomas, who offered 
him the command of an army corps. 

Great as was his capacity for military 
service, the judgment of Abraham Lincoln 
did not err when it summoned him to the 
field of labor where his greatest laurels 
were won. It is the fashion, in some 
quarters, to lament the decay of states- 
manship, and to make comparisons, by no 
means complimentary, between persons 
now intrusted with the conduct of public 
affairs and their predecessors. We may 
at least find consolation in the knowledge 
that when any of our companions die they 

1 Mr. Whitelaw Reid. 



30 The Life and Character of 

do not fail to receive full justice from the 
hearts of the people. 

Suppose any of the statesmen who pre- 
ceded the war, or some intelligent and not 
unfriendly foreign observer — some De 
Tocqueville or Macaulay — to look forward 
with Garfield to the duties which con- 
fronted him when he entered Congress in 
1863. With what despair, in the light of 
all past experience, would he have contem- 
plated the future. How insignificant the 
difficulties which beset the men of the pre- 
ceding seventy years compared with those 
which have crowded the seventeen which 
were to follow. How marvelous the suc- 
cess the American people have achieved 
in dealing with these difficulties compared 
with that which attended the statesman- 
ship of the times of Webster and Clay and 
Calhoun, giants as they were. The great- 
ness of these men is not likely to be under- 
valued anywhere ; least of all in Massachu- 
setts. They contributed each in his own 



y antes Abram Garfield. 31 

way those masterly discussions of the great 
principles by which the Constitution must 
be interpreted, and the economic laws on 
which material prosperity depends, which 
will abide as perpetual forces so long as 
the Republic shall endure. Mr. Webster, 
especially, aided in establishing in the juris- 
prudence of the country the great judg- 
ments, which, on the one hand, asserted 
for the national government its most nec- 
essary and beneficent powers, and, on the 
other hand, have protected property and 
liberty from invasion. He uttered in the 
Senate the immortal argument which con^ 
vinced the American people of the unity 
of the Republic and the supremacy and 
indestructibility of the national authority. 
It has been well said that the cannon oi 
the nation were shotted with the reply to 
Hayne. But the only important and per- 
manent measure with which the name of 
Webster is connected is the Ashburton 
Treaty — an achievement of diplomacy of 



32 The Life and Character of 

little consequence in comparison with those 
which obtained from the great powers of 
Europe the relinquishment of the doctrine 
of perpetual allegiance, or with the Ala- 
bama Treaty of 1871. Mr. Clay's life was 
identified with two great policies — the 
protection of American industry, and the 
compromise between slavery and freedom 
in their strife for control of the territories. 
When he died, the free trade tariff of 1844 
was the law of the land, and within two 
years the Missouri Compromise was re- 
pealed. Mr. Calhoun has left behind him 
the memory of a stainless life, great in- 
tellectual power, and a lost cause. 

To each generation is committed its 
peculiar task. To these men it was given 
to wake the infant Republic to a sense of 
its own great destiny, and to teach it the 
laws of its being, by which it must live or 
bear no life. To the men of our time the 
abstract theories, which were only debated 
in other days, have come as practical reali- 



y antes Abram Garfield, 33 

ties, demanding prompt and final decision 
on questions where error is fatal. 

From the time of Jay's Treaty no such 
problem has presented itself to American 
diplomacy as that which the war left as its 
legacy. The strongest power on earth, ac- 
customed, in dealing with other nations, 
to take counsel only of her pride and her 
strength, had inflicted on us vast injury, of 
which the honor of this country seemed 
pledged to insist on reparation, which Eng- 
land conceived hers equally pledged to 
deny. But in domestic affairs, the difficul- 
ties were even greater. For six of the six- 
teen years that followed the death of Lin- 
coln, the President was not in political ac- 
cord with either House of Congress. For 
four others the House was of different poli- 
tics from President and Senate. During 
the whole time the dominant party had to 
encounter a zealous and able opposition, 
and to submit its measures to a people hav- 
ing apparently the strongest inducements 
3 



34 The Life and Character of 

to go wrong. The rights of capital were 
to be determined by the votes of labor ; 
debtors to fix the value of their payments 
to their creditors ; a people under no con- 
straint but their own sense of duty to de- 
termine whether they would continue to 
bear the weight of a vast debt ; the policy 
of dealing with the conquered to be de- 
cided at the close of a long war by the 
votes of the conquerors, among whom every 
other family was in mourning for its dead ; 
finance and currency with their subtleties, 
surpassing the subtleties of metaphysics, 
to be made clear to the apprehension of 
plain men ; business to be recalled from 
the dizzy and dangerous heights of spec- 
ulation to moderate gains and safe laws ; 
great public ways connecting distant oceans 
to be built ; commerce to be diverted into 
unaccustomed channels; the mouth of the 
Mississippi to be opened ; a great banking 
system to be devised and put in operation 
such as was never known before, alike com- 



yames Abrant Garfield. 35 

prehensive and safe, through whose veins 
and arteries credit, the hfe-blood of trade, 
should ebb and flow in the remotest ex- 
tremities of the land ; four millions of peo- 
ple to be raised from slavery to citizenship ; 
millions more to be welcomed from foreign 
lands; a disputed presidential succession 
to be settled, after an election contest in 
which the country seemed turned into two 
hostile camps, by a tribunal for which the 
founders of the government had made no 
provision; — all this to be accomplished 
under the restraints of a written consti- 
tution. 

When this list has been enumerated, the 
eulogy of Garfield, the statesman, has been 
spoken. There is scarcely one of these 
questions, certainly not more than one or 
two, which he did not anticipate, carefully 
and thoroughly study for himself before it 
arose, and to which he did not contribute 
an original argument, unsurpassed in per- 
suasive force. Undoubtedly there were 



36 The Life and Character of 

others who had more to do with marshal- 
ing the political forces of the House. But 
almost from the time he entered it, he 
was the leader of its best thought. He 
was ever serious, grave, addressing him- 
self only to the reason and conscience of 
his auditors. 

He lived in a State whose people were 
evenly divided in politics, and on whose 
decision, as it swayed alternately from side 
to side, the fate of the country often seemed 
to depend. You will search his speeches 
in vain for an appeal to a base motive or 
an evil passion. Many men who are called 
great political leaders, are really nothing 
but great political followers. They study 
the currents of a public sentiment which 
other men form. They use as instruments 
opinions which they never espoused till 
they became popular. General Garfield 
always consulted with great care the tem- 
per of the House in the conduct of meas- 
ures which were under his charge. But 



y antes Abram Garfield, 37 

he was remarkably independent in forming 
his judgments, and inflexible in adhering 
to them on all great essential questions. 
His great friend and commander, General 
Thomas, whose stubborn courage saved 
the day in the great battle for the posses- 
sion of Tennessee, was well called "the 
rock of Chickamauga." In the greater 
battle in 1876, for the nation's honor, Gar- 
field well deserved to be called the "rock 
of Ohio." Everything he did and said 
manifested the serious, reverent love of 
excellence. He had occasion often to seek 
to win to his opinion masses of men com- 
posed largely of illiterate persons. No 
man ever heard from his lips a sneer at 
scholarship. At the same time, he never 
made the scholar's mistake of undervaluing 
the greatness of the history of his own 
country, or the quality of his own people. 

The limits of this discourse do not per- 
mit me to enter into the detail of the va- 
riety and extent of his service in debate, 



38 The Life and Character of 

in legislation, and in discussions before the 
people. I could detain you until midnight 
were I to recount from my own memory 
the great labors of the twelve years that it 
was my privilege to share with him in the 
public service, for four of which I sat al- 
most by his side. Everybody who had a 
new thought brought it to him for hospi- 
table welcome. Did Science or Scholar- 
ship need anything of the government, 
Garfield was the man to whom they came. 
While charged with the duty of supervis- 
ing the details of present legislation, he 
was always foreseeing and preparing for 
the future. In the closing years of the 
war, while Chairman of the Committee of 
Military Affairs, he was studying finance. 
Later he had prepared himself to deal with 
the defects in the civil service. I do not 
think the legislation of the next twenty 
years will more than reach the ground 
which he had already occupied in his ad- 
vanced thought. 



jFames A brain Garfield. 39 

General Garfield gave evidence of vast 
powers of oratory on some very memorable 
occasions. But he made almost no use of 
them as a means of persuading the people 
to conclusions where great public interests 
were at stake. Sincerity, directness, full 
and perfect understanding of his subject, 
clear logic, manly dignity, simple and apt 
illustration, marked all his discourse. But 
on a few great occasions, such as that in 
New York, when the people were moved 
almost to frenzy by the assassination of 
Lincoln, or in the storm which moved the 
great human ocean at the Convention at 
Chicago, he showed that he could touch 
with a master's hand the chords of a 
mighty instrument — 

such as raised 
To height of noblest temper heroes old, 
Arming to battle ; and instead of rage 
Deliberate valor breathed, firm, and unmoved 
With dread of death to flight or foul retreat; 
Nor wanting power to mitigate and suage 
With solemn touches troubled thoughts, and chase 



40 The Life and Character of 

Anguish, and doubt, and fear, and sorrow, and pain, 
From mortal or immortal minds. 

When General Garfield took the oath of 
office as President, he seemed to those who 
knew him best, though in his fiftieth year, 
still in the prime of a splendid and vig- 
orous youth. He was still growing. We 
hoped for him eight years of brilliant ad- 
ministration, and then, in some form or 
place of service, an old age like that of 
Adams, whom, in variety of equipment, 
alone of our Presidents he resembled. 
What was best and purest and loftiest in 
the aspiration of America seemed at last 
to have laid its hand on the helm. Under 
its beneficent rule we hoped, as our coun- 
try entered on its new career of peace and 
prosperity, a nobler liberty, a better friend- 
ship, a purer justice, a more lasting broth- 
erhood. 

But he was called to a subUmer destiny. 
He had ascended along and up the heights 
of service, of success, of greatness, of glory ; 



y antes Abram Garfield, 41 

ever raised by the people to higher ranks 
for gallant and meritorious conduct on each 
field, until by their suffrages he stood fore- 
most among men of the foremost among 
nations. But in the days of his sickness 
and death he became the perpetual witness 
and example how much greater than the 
achievements of legislative halls, or the 
deeds of the field of battle, are the house- 
hold virtues and simple family affections 
which all men have within their reach ; 
how much greater than the lessons of the 
college, or the camp, or the congress, are 
the lessons learned at mothers' knees. The 
honors paid to Garfield are the protest 
of a better age and a better generation 
against the vulgar heroisms of the past. 
Go through their mausoleums and under 
their triumphal arches and see how the 
names inscribed there shrink and shrivel 
compared with that of this Christian sol- 
dier, whose chiefest virtues, after all, are 
of the fireside, and the family circle, and 



42 The Life and Character of 

of the dying bed. Here the hero of 
America becomes the hero of humanity. 
We are justified in saying of this man 
that he has been tried and tested in every 
mode by which the quality of a human 
heart and the capacity of a human intellect 
can be disclosed : by adversity, by pros- 
perity, by poverty, by wealth, by leader- 
ship in deliberative assemblies, and in the 
perilous edge of battle, by the height of 
power and of fame. The assay was to be 
completed by the final test — by the cer- 
tain and visible approach of death. As he 
comes out into the sunlight, more and 
more clearly does his country behold a 
greatness and symmetry which she is to 
see in their true and full proportions only 
when he lies in the repose of death. 

As sometimes in a dead man's face, 
To those that watch it more and more, 
A likeness, hardly seen before, 

Comes out, to some one of his race ; 

So, dearest, now thy brows are cold, 
I see thee what thou art, and know 



yames Abram Garfield, 43 

Thy likeness to the wise below, 
Thy kindred with the great of old. 

Let us not boast at the funeral of our 
dead. Such a temper would be doubly 
odious in the presence of such expressions 
of hearty sympathy from governments of 
every form. But we should be unfaith- 
ful to ourselves if in asking for this man 
a place in the world's gallery of illustri- 
ous names we did not declare that we 
offer him as an example of the products of 
Freedom. With steady and even step he 
walked from the log-cabin and the canal 
path to the school, to the college, to the 
battle-field, to the halls of legislation, to 
the White House, to the chamber of death. 
The ear in which the voices of his coun- 
trymen hailing him at the pinnacle of hu- 
man glory had scarcely died out, heard the 
voice of the dread archangel, and his coun- 
tenance did not change. Is not that coun- 
try worth dying for whose peasantry are 
of such a strain ? Is not the Constitution 



44 Life and Character of y. A. Garfield, 

worth standing by under whose forms 
Freedom calls such men to her high 
places ? Is not the Union worth saving 
which gives all of us the property of 
countrymen in such a fame ? 



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Nina Gordon. i2mo, $1.50. 

Oldtown Folks. i2mo, $1.50. 

Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories. Illustrated. $1.50. 

Uncle Tom's Cabin. 100 Illustrations. i2mo, full gilt, $3 50. 

Bayard Taylor. 

Poetical Works. Household Edition. i2mo, $2.00. 

Dramatic Works. Crown 8vo, $2.25. 

The Echo Club, and other Literary Diversions. $1.25. 

Alfred Tennyson. 

Poems. Household Ed. Portrait and 60 illustrations. $2.00. 
Illustrated Crown Edition. 48 illustrations. 2 vols. $5.00. 
Library Edition. Portrait and 60 illustrations. $4.00. 
Red- Line Edition. Portrait and 16 illustrations. $2.50. 
Diajnond Edition. $I 00. 

Shawmut Edition. Illustrated. Crown Svo, $1.50. 
Idylls of the King. Complete. Illustrated. $1.50. 

Celia Thaxter. 

Among the Isles of Shoals. $1.25. 

Poems. $1.50. 

Drift- Weed. Poems. $1.50. 

Henry D. Thoreau. 

Walden. i2mo, $1.50. 

A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. $1.50. 

Excursions in Field and Forest. i2mo, $1.50. 

The Maine Woods. i2mo, $1.50. 

Cape Cod. i2mo, $1.50. 

Letters to various Persons. i2mo, $1.50. 

A Yankee in Canada. i2mo, $1.50. 

Early Spring in Massachusetts. i2mo, $1.50. 

George Ticknor. 

History of Spanish Literature. 3 vols. Svo, $10.00. 
Life, Letters, and Journals. Portraits. 2 vols. Svo, 5^6.00. 
Cheaper edition. 2 vols. i2mo, $4.00. 



Standard and Popular Library Books, 15 
J. T. Trowbridge. 

A Home Idyl. i6mo, $1.25. 
The Vagabonds. i6mo, $1.25. 
The Emigrant's Story. i6mo, ^1.25. 

Voltaire. 

History of Charles XII. Crown 8vo, $2.25. 

Lew Wallace. 

The Fair God. i2mo, $1.50. 

George E. Waring, Jr. 

Whip and Spur. i8mo, $1.25. 
A Farmer's Vacation. Square 8vo, I3.00. 
Village Improvements. Illustrated. 75 cents. 
The Bride of the Rhine. Illustrated. ^1.50. 

Charles Dudley Warner. 

My Summer in a Garden. i6mo, $i.co. Illustrated. ^^1.50. 

Saunterings. iSmo, $1.25. 

Back-Log Studies. Illustrated. $1.50. 

Baddeck, and that Sort of Thing. $r.oo. 

My Winter on the Nile. i2mo, $2.00. 

In the Levant. i2mo, $2.00. 

Being a Boy. Illustrated. $1.50. 

In the Wilderness. 75 cents. 

William A. Wheeler. 

Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction. $2.00. 

Edwin P. Whipple. 

Works. Critical Essays. 6 vols., $9.00 

Richard Grant White. 

Every-Day English. i2mo, $2.00. 
Words and their Uses. i2mo, $2.00. 
England Without and Within. i2mo, $2.00. 

Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney. 

Faith Gartney's Girlhood. i2mo, $1.50. 
Hitherto. i2mo, $1.50. 
Patience Strong's Outings. i2mo, $1.50. 
The Gayworthys. i2mo, $1.50. 



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